Government ExplainedA guide to how government works
Public records · illustrative research

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Explore selected congressional roll calls, Supreme Court decisions, and executive actions. Each kind of record describes a different process.

Congressional votes · 59 selected events

59 records. Use the controls to narrow the list.

DateChamberMeasure / questionSource outcome
September 30, 2026senatePN1129On the Nomination PN1129cabinet-confirmationNomination Confirmed (47-41)
September 28, 2026senateS. 4668On Passage of the Bill S. 4668college-athlete-rightsBill Passed (77-22)
September 16, 2026houseH R 10326On Passagefraud-enforcement-information-sharingPassed
August 8, 2026senatePN1078On the Nomination PN1078cabinet-confirmationNomination Confirmed (50-49)
August 8, 2026senateH.R. 6500On Passage of the Bill H.R. 6500fy2027-continuing-appropriationsBill Passed (90-6, 3/5 majority required)
August 7, 2026senateH.R. 5334On Passage of the Bill H.R. 5334russia-sanctionsBill Passed (86-11, 3/5 majority required)
July 20, 2026houseH R 4541On Motion to Suspend the Rules and Pass, as AmendedEARLY-Act-reauthorizationPassed
March 23, 2026senatePN858On the Nomination PN858cabinet-confirmationNomination Confirmed (54-45)
July 3, 2025houseH R 1On Motion to Concur in the Senate Amendment2025-reconciliationPassed
July 1, 2025senateH.R. 1On Passage of the Bill H.R. 12025-reconciliationBill Passed (50-50, Vice President of the United States, voted Yea)
March 14, 2025senateH.R. 1968On Passage of the Bill H.R. 1968fy2025-continuing-appropriationsBill Passed (54-46)
March 12, 2025senatePN12-42On the Nomination PN12-42cabinet-confirmationNomination Confirmed (53-46)
March 5, 2025senatePN12-5On the Nomination PN12-5cabinet-confirmationNomination Confirmed (52-46)
March 3, 2025senatePN11-10On the Nomination PN11-10cabinet-confirmationNomination Confirmed (51-45)
February 18, 2025senatePN11-9On the Nomination PN11-9cabinet-confirmationNomination Confirmed (51-45)
February 13, 2025senatePN11-12On the Nomination PN11-12cabinet-confirmationNomination Confirmed (72-28)
February 13, 2025senatePN11-8On the Nomination PN11-8cabinet-confirmationNomination Confirmed (52-48)
February 5, 2025senatePN11-14On the Nomination PN11-14cabinet-confirmationNomination Confirmed (55-44)
February 4, 2025senatePN11-5On the Nomination PN11-5cabinet-confirmationNomination Confirmed (77-23)
February 3, 2025senatePN11-15On the Nomination PN11-15cabinet-confirmationNomination Confirmed (59-38)
January 30, 2025senatePN11-3On the Nomination PN11-3cabinet-confirmationNomination Confirmed (80-17)
January 28, 2025senatePN11-6On the Nomination PN11-6cabinet-confirmationNomination Confirmed (77-22)
January 27, 2025senatePN11-1On the Nomination PN11-1cabinet-confirmationNomination Confirmed (68-29)
January 24, 2025senatePN11-7On the Nomination PN11-7cabinet-confirmationNomination Confirmed (50-50, Vice President of the United States, voted Yea)
January 20, 2025senateS. 5On Passage of the Bill S. 5laken-riley-actBill Passed (64-35)
January 20, 2025senatePN11-13On the Nomination PN11-13cabinet-confirmationNomination Confirmed (99-0)
April 23, 2024senateH.R. 815On the Motion (Motion to Concur in the House Amendment to the Senate Amendment to H.R. 815)national-security-supplementalMotion Agreed to (79-18)
April 20, 2024houseH R 8035On Passageukraine-aidPassed
June 1, 2023senateH.R. 3746On Passage of the Bill H.R. 3746fiscal-responsibility-actBill Passed (63-36, 3/5 majority required)
May 31, 2023houseH R 3746On Passagefiscal-responsibility-actPassed
December 8, 2022houseH R 8404On Motion to Concur in the Senate Amendmentrespect-for-marriage-actPassed
November 29, 2022senateH.R. 8404On Passage of the Bill H.R. 8404respect-for-marriage-actBill Passed (61-36, 3/5 majority required)
August 12, 2022houseH R 5376On Motion to Concur in the Senate Amendmentinflation-reduction-actPassed
August 7, 2022senateH.R. 5376On Passage of the Bill H.R. 5376inflation-reduction-actBill Passed (50-50, Vice President of the United States, voted Yea)
November 5, 2021houseH R 3684On Motion to Concur in the Senate AmendmentinfrastructurePassed
August 10, 2021senateH.R. 3684On Passage of the Bill H.R. 3684infrastructureBill Passed (69-30)
April 23, 2020houseH R 266On Motion to Suspend the Rules and Concur in the Senate Amendmentcovid-healthcare-fundingPassed
March 25, 2020senateH.R. 748On Passage of the Bill H.R. 748cares-actBill Passed (96-0, 3/5 majority required)
December 20, 2018houseS 756On Motion to Suspend the Rules and Concur in the Senate Amendment to House Amendmentfirst-step-actPassed
December 18, 2018senateS. 756On the Motion (Motion to Concur in the House Amendment with an Amendment to S. 756)first-step-actMotion Agreed to (87-12)
December 20, 2017houseH R 1On Motion to Concur in the Senate Amendmenttax-cuts-and-jobs-actPassed
December 2, 2017senateH.R. 1On Passage of the Bill H.R. 1tax-cuts-and-jobs-actBill Passed (51-49)
April 17, 2013senateManchin Amdt. No. 715On the Amendment S.Amdt. 715 to S. 649 (Safe Communities, Safe Schools Act of2013)background-check-amendmentAmendment Rejected (54-46, 3/5 majority required)
July 15, 2010senateH.R. 4173On the Conference Report H.R. 4173dodd-frankConference Report Agreed to (60-39)
June 30, 2010houseH R 4173On Agreeing to the Conference Reportdodd-frankPassed
March 21, 2010houseH R 3590On Motion to Concur in Senate Amendmentsaffordable-care-actPassed
December 24, 2009senateH.R. 3590On Passage of the Bill H.R. 3590affordable-care-actBill Passed (60-39)
October 3, 2008houseH R 1424On Motion to Concur in Senate Amendmentsfinancial-rescuePassed
October 1, 2008senateH.R. 1424On Passage of the Bill H.R. 1424financial-rescueBill Passed (74-25, 3/5 majority required)
October 11, 2002senateH.J.Res. 114On the Joint Resolution H.J.Res. 114iraq-war-authorizationJoint Resolution Passed (77-23)
October 10, 2002houseH J RES 114On Passageiraq-war-authorizationPassed
October 25, 2001senateH.R. 3162On Passage of the Bill H.R. 3162patriot-actBill Passed (98-1)
October 24, 2001houseH R 3162On Motion to Suspend the Rules and Passpatriot-actPassed
September 10, 1996senateH.R. 3396On Passage of the Bill H.R. 3396defense-of-marriage-actBill Passed (85-14)
July 12, 1996houseH R 3396On Passagedefense-of-marriage-actPassed
November 20, 1993senateH.R. 3450On Passage of the Bill H.R. 3450naftaBill Passed (61-38)
November 17, 1993houseH R 3450On PassagenaftaPassed
January 12, 1991senateS.J.Res. 2On the Joint Resolution S.J.Res. 2gulf-war-authorizationJoint Resolution Passed (52-47)
January 12, 1991houseH J RES 77ON PASSAGE (MICHEL/SOLARZ)gulf-war-authorizationPassed

Supreme Court decisions · 7 selected cases

DateCaseSubject
January 21, 2010Citizens United v. Federal Election CommissionCampaign finance
June 26, 2015Obergefell v. HodgesMarriage and equal protection
June 24, 2022Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health OrganizationAbortion and constitutional law
May 18, 2023Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, Inc. v. GoldsmithCopyright and fair use
May 16, 2024Consumer Financial Protection Bureau v. Community Financial Services Association of America, Ltd.Federal spending and agencies
July 1, 2024Trump v. United StatesPresidential power and criminal prosecution
June 18, 2025United States v. SkrmettiEqual protection and state regulation

Executive actions and announcements · 18 examples

DateOfficialTypeRecord
April 30, 2025Scott BessentannouncementAnnounced the U.S.–Ukraine Reconstruction Investment Fund agreement.
April 7, 2026Todd BlanchedirectiveAs acting attorney general, directed expansion of the National Fraud Enforcement Division’s work on fraud involving taxpayer funds.
February 3, 2025Doug Burgumsecretarial_ordersSigned an initial set of secretary’s orders implementing the administration’s energy and public-land priorities.
March 30, 2025Pete HegsethdirectiveSigned a memorandum directing military departments to develop combat-arms standards tied to mission requirements.
June 26, 2025Brooke Rollinspolicy_updateReported on USDA’s five-part response to highly pathogenic avian influenza, initially announced in February 2025.
August 2025Howard LutnickannouncementAnnounced that NIST would assume operational responsibility for the National Semiconductor Technology Center from Natcast.
June 10, 2026Keith Sonderlingpolicy_advocacyAs acting secretary, promoted registered apprenticeships and addressed foreign labor practices at the G7 labor ministers’ meeting in Geneva.
June 9, 2025Robert F. Kennedy, Jr.personnel_actionDirected removal of the 17 sitting members of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices and announced plans to replace them.
February 13, 2025Scott Turneradministrative_actionEstablished a HUD DOGE task force to review department spending, programs, processes, and personnel.
January 28, 2025Sean DuffydirectiveSigned a memorandum directing staff to begin reconsidering Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards.
February 5, 2025Chris Wrightsecretarial_orderSigned his first secretarial order directing the Energy Department to implement the president’s energy executive orders.
March 11, 2025Linda McMahondepartment_actionThe department announced a reduction in force under McMahon, affecting nearly half its workforce according to the announcement.
May 19, 2025Doug Collinsdepartment_actionVA announced removal of a secondary review step for eligible veterans’ community-care referrals, implementing legislation. Collins publicly announced support for the change.
December 22, 2017Donald J. Trumpsigned_lawSigned the 2017 tax reconciliation law, commonly called the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act.
December 21, 2018Donald J. Trumpsigned_lawSigned the First Step Act, a federal sentencing and corrections law.
March 27, 2020Donald J. Trumpsigned_lawSigned the CARES Act, a federal pandemic-response and economic-relief law.
January 20, 2025Donald J. Trumpexecutive_orderDirected notification of U.S. withdrawal from the Paris Agreement and review of international environmental funding commitments.
July 4, 2025Donald J. Trumpsigned_lawSigned the 2025 budget reconciliation law, Public Law 119-21.